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    • 专利摘要:
    The present invention relates to a method for treating an aqueous liquid effluent containing calcium and carbonate ions and containing precipitation-inhibiting products, said process comprising the following successive steps: a) providing an aqueous liquid effluent supersaturated with CaCO3 and containing precipitation-inhibiting products; b) having the effluent obtained in step a) pass into a reactor with high solid content with a solid content maintained between 20 and 800 g/l and integrated solid-liquid separation, at a pH comprised between 8 and 9.2 allowing in a single step precipitation in situ of the aragonite polymorph of calcium carbonate and removal of the precipitation-inhibiting products; c) recovering an aqueous liquid supernatant containing a suspended solids content of less than or equal to 0.1% by mass of the solid content in the reactor, advantageously a suspended solids content of less than 50 mg/l, the precipitation-inhibiting products being phosphonates.
    公开号:ES2642464A2
    申请号:ES201790009
    申请日:2015-09-14
    公开日:2017-11-16
    发明作者:Didier GRANGE；M. Coste；E. Barbier
    申请人:Veolia Water Solutions and Technologies Support SAS；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    DESCRIPTION

    TREATMENT METHOD OF A SUPERSATURED EFFLUENT WITH CALCIUM CARBONATE IN THE PRESENCE OF INHIBITING PRODUCTS FROM PHOSPHONATE PRECIPITATION 5

    Technical sector

    The present invention relates to the field of treatment of aqueous liquid effluents concentrated in mineral salts containing precipitation inhibitors type 10 phosphonate, in particular derivatives of a membrane filtration method.

    State of the art

    A drawback of membrane filtration techniques is that of producing discharges known as concentrates containing precipitation inhibitor products that are added to prevent the precipitation of insoluble salts that impair the performance of the treatment of said facilities (membrane obstruction).

    Three problems arise: 20

    - The conversion rate of a filtration stage is limited by the osmotic pressure between the permeate and the concentrate and the risks of membrane embedding due to the presence of potentially precipitable mineral species. The conversion rates generally achieved do not exceed 80% (in the case of treating mining effluent), due to the obstruction of the membranes with the inorganic salts present in the solution and in particular with the calcium ions that can precipitate with others anions;

    - it is then difficult to provide a global line with conversion speeds of greater than 95% without incorporating in the line evaporation-concentration or hot crystallization stages of the salts, which consume energy and require expensive equipment;

    - in addition, in the perspective of downloading concentrates in the natural environment, it is necessary to limit them in order to reduce the environmental impact and limit the presence of
    phosphates in these discharges, these phosphates being partially due to the phosphonate type precipitation inhibitor products used.

    Thus, it is necessary to provide a technique that improves the filtration performance in membrane installations (increase in conversion speeds, reduction of concentrate discharges, etc.).

    In addition, it is recommended to avoid precipitation reagents such as Ca (OH) 2, CaCl2 and Na2CO3 that are undesirable, since they increase the osmotic pressure of the medium and thus lead to a loss of performance at the stage of the membrane filtration method 10 such as nanofiltration (NF) or reverse osmosis (OI).

    In addition, it would be advantageous to be able to clarify the concentrate without using coagulants and / or flocculants, so as to avoid the use of metal salts and clarification polymer, which are harmful to the membranes of the membrane filtration method such as nanofiltration ( NF) or reverse osmosis (OI).

    US 6 113 797 describes a method of membrane purification with a high conversion rate comprising two stages, the first stage using a low pressure membrane system to preconcentrate the shell compounds. However, this method does not indicate how to eliminate precipitation inhibitor products that can be used.

    US 5 501 798 discloses an improved method for prolonging the life of reverse osmosis membranes allowing the purification of liquid containing insoluble or moderately soluble inorganic salts. This method includes a step of precipitation of the salts. However, this step is carried out by an addition of reagent, which is undesirable since it increases the osmotic pressure of the medium and thus leads to a loss of performance at the stage of the membrane filtration method.
     30
    Patent application WO 2009/152148 describes a method of water desalination with a high conversion rate. However, in the described method, gypsum and / or an adsorbent and / or a co-precipitating agent is added to sow the precipitation reaction and / or to aid in this reaction, which can raise the problems mentioned above. In addition, adsorption / desaturation / precipitation / particle separation 35
    It takes place in several stages with the need for the presence of a recirculation loop, which makes the method economically unfeasible. In addition, the pH is not indicated during precipitation. Now, it has been demonstrated by the inventors (Example 4) that it was necessary to use a particular pH in order to obtain the precipitation of a particular crystalline form of calcium carbonate, the aragonite form, which is the optimal way to efficiently trap the precipitation inhibitors phosphonate type products.

    The article by Sanciolo P. et al. (2008), Chemosphere 72, pages 243–249, shows that sowing with lime makes it possible to significantly improve the speed of the precipitation reaction. However, the system as described herein does not have a pretreatment stage of the concentrate directed to adsorb / trap the precipitation inhibitor products present in said concentrates and does not affect membrane systems. In addition, the recommended pH is a pH of at least 9.5, which is very high and thus economically unfeasible and gives more residue to be treated.
     fifteen
    The article by Brian McCool et al. Water Research (2012) I-II describes the use of lime and sowing with plaster to remove precipitation inhibitor products present in the effluents. However, there is no mention of a way to control the amount of CaCO3 produced and the nature of the polymorph of CaCO3 produced as a function of pH (mention is only made here of the lime dosage). In addition, no description is given at all of the reactor that can achieve this desaturation operation in situ.

    Patent application WO 2012/040880 describes a membrane filtration method with a high conversion rate in which the concentrate after filtration is introduced into a precipitation clarifier at a pH between 9.5 and 12 or between 10 and 11.5 to eliminate the ions present. A precipitation inhibitor product can be added to prevent membrane blockage. This document also teaches that a coagulant or flocculant can be added so as to accelerate the solid-liquid separation in the precipitation clarifier. In addition, before membrane filtration, the pH of the effluent is adjusted to at least 8.3, using CO2, which also serves to increase the bicarbonate concentration in the solution before filtration and which will make it possible to increase the precipitation of calcium in the concentrate once the pH is between 9.5 and 12 or between 10 and 11.5 in the precipitation clarifier. This document does not indicate whether precipitation makes it possible to remove the precipitation inhibitor product that can be added. In addition, the pH operating values within the precipitation clarifier 35
    They are very high, which is economically unfeasible and gives more waste that has to be treated. In addition, this document encourages the addition of coagulants and / or flocculants, that is, desaturation reagents that are harmful to membranes.

    Patent application WO 2009/045100 describes a method of purifying a liquid such as water containing a crystallization inhibitor such as phosphonates after it has been passed through a reverse osmosis or nanofiltration membrane. Thus, it is recommended to add a base to modify the pH of the system and to cause precipitation, for example of calcium carbonate crystals. This application recommends using whitewash as a base. In addition, this application indicates that it is possible to use alternatively, instead of a base, calcium carbonate in the form of aragonite added to the medium (and so it is not created in situ) as an adsorbent to adsorb the crystallization inhibitors. This request, therefore, does not encourage combining these two methods.

    This application also does not indicate how to produce in situ calcium carbonate in the form of aragonite 15 continuously or the pH conditions that promote the formation of aragonite in the presence of phosphonates. It does not give characteristics regarding the reactor to be used to perform this method.

    In addition, using the method described in this document will induce the obtention of a high amount of sludge, which needs to be taken care of and, therefore, is not environmentally friendly. In addition, the reactants used will be dosed in excess since this document does not indicate how to control the calcium carbonate polymorph to be used.

    Furthermore, it should be noted that this request establishes that the separation means in the case of adding aragonite are of the type such as filtration, distillation, precipitation or centrifugation. This suggests, therefore, to one skilled in the art that the aragonite crystals on which phosphonates are adsorbed are in the form of fine particles that are difficult to separate from water. In view of these conditions, one skilled in the art would therefore not be encouraged to use a reactor with a high solids content and integrated solid-liquid separation as described in patent application WO 2013/150222 to perform this method, since it would not be efficient enough. In addition, one skilled in the art would have thought that such a reactor would rather promote the formation of the calcium carbonate calcite polymorph, which is thermodynamically more stable than that of aragonite. 35

    In fact, as indicated in the article by Amjad et al. (Materials performance, October 2007, pages 42-47), the calcium carbonate aragonite polymorph is not the most stable form, even at high pH.
     5
    The experiments in this document were carried out discontinuously in a beaker, with a really low solids content.

    Thus, it is necessary to find a new method that, while at the same time allows to obtain a high conversion speed, is cheaper and more respectful towards the 10 membranes. In particular, it is necessary to find a method that makes it possible to eliminate phosphonate-like precipitation products from effluents.

    The inventors realized, surprisingly, that a particular crystalline form of calcium carbonate: the aragonite polymorph, is particularly effective in removing phosphonate-like precipitation inhibitor products. Specifically, by precipitating in this way, calcium carbonate simultaneously adsorbs these products on their surface, which allows them to be removed by a simple liquid-solid separation. The inventors also realized that such precipitation could take place at a pH of between 8 and 9.2, which avoids the use of an excessively high pH, which is not always economically viable, and formation of insoluble salts (by example, certain magnesium silicate salts that can precipitate at pH above 10 and have a high clogging power). In addition, the inventors realized that this precipitation could take place in situ without adding precipitation reagents such as lime and / or flocculants and / or coagulants, which are reagents that can be harmful to membranes, which will thus limit consumption of chemical products Finally, the inventors realized that this precipitation and liquid-solid separation could take place in a single stage using a particular reactor: a reactor with a high solids content and integrated solid-liquid separation. This makes it possible to provide a compact installation that requires less energy due to the absence of a mud recirculation loop to maintain the solids content.

    In fact, the inventors have discovered that it is the high pH and the high solids content in the reactor that allow the precipitation of the calcium carbonate aragonite polymorph, which is really stable under these conditions, unlike what is indicated in 35
    the article by Amjad et al.

    It is also interesting to have a continuous process, in order to allow the crystals of the calcium carbonate aragonite polymorph to grow and then precipitate.
     5
    Thus, the novel method makes it possible to control the amount and nature of the crystals formed to produce the polymorphs required for the removal of the precipitation inhibitor products and thus to produce only the necessary amount of solid and thus avoid the formation of large amounts of mud that will be managed from here. Finally, the inventors realized that, unlike the teaching of patent application WO 2009/045100, the size of aragonite crystals after adsorption of phosphonates is larger and that there is no more production of fines, which greatly improves the agglomeration and thus the effectiveness of the method. The particles thus obtained are therefore sufficiently dense and thick to be separated by gravity. fifteen

    Finally, the use of pH conditions between 8 and 9.2 combined with the use of a reactor with a high solids content (between 20 and 800 g / l) and integrated liquid-solid separation, as described, for example, in patent application WO 2013/15022, it makes it possible to maintain the in situ formation of calcium carbonate in the form of aragonite in an amount sufficient to eliminate phosphonate-like precipitation inhibitor products.

    Object of the invention

    Thus, the present invention relates to a method of treating an aqueous liquid effluent containing calcium and carbonate ions and containing precipitation inhibitor products, comprising the following successive steps:

    a) provide a supersaturated aqueous liquid effluent with CaCO3 and containing precipitation inhibitor products 30

    b) having obtained the effluent in step a), transfer it to a reactor with high solids content with a solids content maintained between 20 and 800 g / l and integrated solid-liquid separation, at a pH between 8 and 9.2 , advantageously between 8.4 and 9, allowing in a single stage the 35
    precipitation in situ of the calcium carbonate aragonite polymorph and the elimination of precipitation inhibitor products;
    c) recovering an aqueous liquid supernatant containing a solids content in suspension of less than or equal to 0.1% of the solids content in the reactor (the suspended solids content of reactor 5 being maintained between 20 and 800 g / l, advantageously between 25 and 200 g / l), advantageously a suspended solids content of less than 50 mg / l,

    the products being precipitation inhibitors phosphonates.
     10
    For the purposes of the present invention, the term "aqueous liquid effluent" means any water-based liquid. In the case of the present invention, this effluent must contain calcium and carbonate ions dissolved in the effluent, advantageously in a content of between 50 and 1500 for calcium and between 200 and 2000 mg / l for carbonate. Advantageously, the calcium and carbonate ions are present in the form of inorganic salts, for example calcium carbonate (CaCO3). The effluent can also comprise other inorganic ions such as chlorides, boron, magnesium, sulfate, barium, silicon, fluoride, strontium, cesium and / or phosphate and / or metals (for example Fe, Al, Mn, Pb, Sn, As, Zn, Se, Cu, Ni, Ag, Co and / or Mo). Advantageously, it does not comprise any sodium chloride in the case where the membrane method of step ii) is a reverse osmosis method. The effluent may also contain organic compounds. It may, for example in the case where the membrane method of stage ii) is a reverse osmosis method, contain contents of less than 50 mg / l of organic matter and, for example in the case in which the method The membrane of stage ii) is a nanofiltration method, containing contents of less than 1 g / l of organic matter. 25

    The effluent according to the invention also comprises precipitation inhibitor products that are to be removed. These are phosphonates. Its concentration is expressed and measured in P-PO4 (contained in precipitation inhibitor products) and can range between 0.5 and 40 mg / l. 30

    For the purposes of the present invention, the term "phosphonate type precipitation inhibitor products" means any phosphonate that makes it possible to increase the content of inorganic salts in an aqueous liquid effluent beyond its solubility limit without causing precipitation (for example , calcium and carbonate ions without precipitation of CaCO3). 35
    Advantageously, they are phosphonates chosen from sodium hexametaphosphonate (SHMP), 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-disphosphonic acid (HEDP), 2-phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid (PBTC), aminotrimethylene phosphonic acid (ATMP), hexamethylenediaminetetramethylene phosphonic acid (HDTMPA), DTPMPA (diethylenetriaminepentamethylenephosphonic acid), BHMTPMPA (bis (hexamethylenetriaminepenta) methylene phosphonic acid) and mixtures thereof. Advantageously, 5 phosphonates are chosen from aminotrimethylene phosphonic acid (ATMP), hexamethylene diamine tetramethylene phosphonic acid (HDTMPA), 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-disphosphonic acid (HEDP), and mixtures thereof.

    The aqueous liquid effluent containing carbonate and calcium ions and precipitation inhibitor products may come from industrial (wastewater or “process”), municipal (wastewater or drinking water) and / or underground water in which they were added precipitation inhibitor products; in particular, this is wastewater or industrial water.

    In particular, this industrial water comes from mining, metallurgical and / or chemical industry. 15 Effluents from mining have, for example, compositions of dissolved inorganic salts ranging from 2 to 12 g / l, in particular from 4 to 12 g / liter.

    In the context of the present invention, the effluent from step a) is also supersaturated in CaCO3, that is, the solute content (in this case Ca2 + and CO32-) is greater than the solubility limit of the dissolved salt ( in this case CaCO3). This also means that the supersaturation index of said salt is greater than 1 (this represents the effective concentration of salt present in solution with respect to the solubility of said salt in equilibrium). The product of the concentrations of the species in solution is then greater than the product of solubility of the salt from which they are derived (in this case CaCO3). 25 This effluent may also be supersaturated in calcium sulfate (CaSO4).

    In order to obtain a supersaturated effluent in CaCO3 and containing precipitation inhibitor products according to step a) of the method according to the present invention, it is possible to concentrate an effluent containing calcium and carbonate ions beyond the limit of CaCO3 solubility , for example by means of a membrane treatment or evaporation concentration, advantageously by means of a membrane treatment, and using precipitation inhibitor products to prevent the precipitation of these chemical species.
     35
    Advantageously, step a) of the method according to the present invention comprises the following successive steps:

    i) provide an aqueous liquid effluent containing calcium and carbonate ions and precipitation inhibitor products; 5

    ii) concentrate the effluent obtained in step i) in calcium and carbonate ions until supersaturation of CaCO3 by a membrane treatment method;

    iii) recover the supersaturated effluent in CaCO3 containing the products 10 precipitation inhibitors.

    The membrane method of step ii) according to the present invention can be a direct osmosis, reverse osmosis (OI), electrodialysis, nanofiltration (NF) or membrane distillation method, advantageously a direct osmosis, reverse osmosis, electrodialysis or 15 nanofiltration, more particularly reverse osmosis or nanofiltration. The effluent recovered in step iii) is then the concentrate of the membrane treatment method.

    In a particular embodiment, the aqueous liquid effluent from step i) comes from industrial (wastewater or "process"), municipal (wastewater or drinking water) and / or groundwater in which inhibitory products were added. the precipitation; in particular, this is wastewater or industrial water.

    In particular, this industrial water comes from mining, metallurgical and / or chemical industry. Mining effluents have, for example, compositions of dissolved salts ranging from 2 to 12 g / l, in particular from 4 to 12 g / liter.

    During step b) of the method according to the present invention, there is precipitation of calcium carbonate in the form of its aragonite polymorph, which will trap the precipitation inhibitor products that become adsorbed on the surface of the calcium carbonate particles. The adsorption rate is the highest for the polymorphic form of calcium carbonate aragonite. Calcium carbonate can only precipitate in this way, provided that the pH is controlled and is between 8 and 9.2. The inventors realized that at a pH below 8 there is no formation of the correct calcium carbonate polymorph. In addition, it is not advantageous to increase the pH beyond 9.2, since this will not improve the degree of 35
    entrapment of precipitated calcium carbonate precipitation inhibitor product, while at the same time the addition of compounds is needed to increase the pH, which is economically and ecologically unfeasible. This precipitation thus eliminates the precipitation inhibitor products present in the effluent, which facilitates the precipitation of the other inorganic ions that may be present in the effluent. 5

    The reactor used in step b) of the method according to the present invention is thus a reactor with a high solids content having a solids content maintained at between 20 and 800 g / l and integrated solid-liquid separation. It is in particular the reactor described in patent application WO 2013/150222. This reactor thus consists of a water treatment device comprising a mixing tank equipped with an inlet line for the effluent to be treated that originates from stage a) or stage iii), an inlet line of optional reagent, a source of agitation capable of inducing turbulent agitation in a given volume of this tank, an extraction line to remove reaction products, and a line to extract the treated effluent obtained in step c), 15 which also comprises , above the inlet line for the effluent to be treated and the optional reagent inlet line, and above and adjacent to the given volume, but below the outlet line for the treated effluent, a structure of reassurance that consists of a plurality of passageways that run from the bottom to the top and configured in a chicane so that 20 particles cannot pass through this layer following or a rectilinear path, while the fluid veins that leave this tranquilization structure form the treated effluent. Thus, in the reactor that can be used in step b) of the method according to the present invention, there is an adjacent combination of a turbulent mixing zone and a layer formed of channels configured in a chicana. In addition, in the reactor that can be used in step 25 b) of the method according to the present invention, there is no decanter, in addition to the calming structure.

    The notion of a passage configured in a chicana can cover a wide variety of configurations; thus, it can be undulations in a given plane, in vertical practice 30 when the calming layer is placed in a device according to the invention, which corresponds to a particularly simple geometry. They can also be helical chicanes, which correspond to undulations in the three dimensions of space. In addition, regardless of the configuration (in two dimensions or in three dimensions) of the Chicanas, the channels may have a cross section 35
    substantially constant or, conversely, they may have cross-sectional fluctuations, both in a single direction (which increases from the bottom to the top, or the opposite), as with increases and decreases. In any case, the Chicanas have at least one change of direction in the plane. For reasons of ease of construction, the Chicana-shaped channels are advantageously delimited by 5 flat walls, which optimizes the use of the volume of the tranquilization layer (each wall delimits two channels). In other words, the channels are advantageously formed from a succession of rectilinear segments. These flat walls are in practice smooth. The channels advantageously comprise at least two segments that are inclined with respect to the horizontal, contiguous or optionally separated by a vertical segment. In practice, the transverse dimensions of the channels are less than 20 cm, for example of the order of 4 to 10 cm.

    The mixing zone may comprise mechanical elements that help guide the circulation of the effluent and the reagents inside; it is advantageously a central tube 15 which guides the current in a preferentially downward direction, and which causes the dispersion of the current in the bottom; it can be a current guide according to the teaching of document FR 2 863 908 (or US 7 648 638).

    The turbulence in the upper zone is advantageously less in a ratio of at least 20 10 than the turbulence in the effluent charged with reaction products located immediately below the calming layer. Thus, according to preferred features of the invention, they are optionally combined:

    - the channels are configured in a chicane parallel to the same plane, which corresponds to a configuration that is simple to manufacture, and thus of moderate cost; as a variant, the channels are configured in a chicana that follows several transversal directions, which contribute towards a better reassurance; in such a case, the channels are advantageously configured in a spiral,
     30
    - the channels have a constant cross-section from the lower face of the structure to its upper face, which corresponds with great ease of manufacture; however, as a variant, the channels have a cross section that varies for at least part of the height of the tranquilization structure, which contributes to improving the calming effect due to the local variation in velocity thus induced, 35

    - The channels have an inclination of between 35º and 85º with respect to the horizontal one, which is observed to lead to tranquilization structures that are reasonable on an industrial scale.
     5
    Advantageously, for reasons of feasibility, the tranquilization structure is formed of superimposed layers in which the channels are formed of rectilinear portions. In this case, the reassuring structure advantageously comprises at least two layers in which the channel portions are inclined with respect to the horizontal, in different directions. These two layers comprising portions that are inclined with respect to the horizontal can be separated by a layer in which the portions are vertical. Also advantageously for manufacturing reasons, the inclined portions have the same inclination with respect to the horizontal in at least two layers (in the same plane (in opposite directions), or not). Preferably, the channels have a variable cross section in at least one of the overlapping layers. fifteen

    If the channels have a constant cross section or not, it is advantageous that the channels are formed by flat walls. Preferably, the device advantageously comprises a current guide around the source of agitation. The soothing structure is then advantageously located a distance from the base between 20 50% and 100% of the sum (2H + D) if H is the height of the current guide and D is the hydraulic diameter. The hydraulic diameter is by definition equal to 4 x wet surface area / wet perimeter. The reactor may have a square or circular base. For a reactor with a cylindrical base, the hydraulic diameter is the diameter and for a reactor with a square base, it is the length of one side. 25

    When the agitation in the current guide is descending, it is advantageous that the injection of the effluent to be treated (and also the reagents, especially in the case of a precipitation treatment) takes place between this current guide and the calming structure , in practice opposite to the upper entrance of this current guide. Advantageously, with or without a current guide, the calming structure is located above the base of the tank between 0.25 and 3 times (and preferably between 0.5 and 1.5 times) the hydraulic diameter of the tank, which is equivalent to saying that the mixing volume, under the calming layer, has a height that is of the same order of magnitude as its width (in practice the hydraulic diameter), which contributes to establishing
    the high turbulence regime until the immediate proximity of the tranquilization structure.

    Thus, in the context of the process according to the present invention, the effluent to be treated (which comes from stage a) or stage iii)) is injected into the reactor of stage b), that is, in a tank in a given volume of which turbulent agitation is induced, this effluent in which precipitation has been caused is circulated from the bottom to the top by a tranquilization structure located above and adjacent to this given volume and consisting of a plurality of passageways that run from the bottom to the top and configured in a chicane so that 10 particles cannot pass through this layer along a rectilinear path, while the fluid veins leaving this structure of Soothing forms the treated effluent that is extracted at a level above this structure (stage c effluent), while the sludge is extracted at a lower part of said given volume.
     fifteen
    The solids content in the reactor of step b) is maintained between 20 and 800 g / l of suspended solids, advantageously between 20 and 450 g / l and more advantageously between 25 and 200 g / l. In particular, the solids content in the reactor of step b) can be maintained between 50 and 450 g / l. This solids content can be measured in situ by a probe to measure suspended solids (SS) or by regular sampling and measurement of the SS in these samples. twenty

    In another advantageous embodiment, the hydraulic residence time (HRT) in the reactor of stage b) comprises between 3 min and 2 hours; It is advantageously 30 minutes for the plaster. The hydraulic residence time is obtained by the equation: HRT = V / Q with V = reactor volume from stage b) and Q = reactor feed rate with effluent from stage 25 a).

    Generally it is not necessary to sow the reactor of step b) in order to obtain precipitation of calcium carbonate in the form of its aragonite polymorph. Specifically, crystallization can occur spontaneously in view of the pH used and due to the fact that the effluent to be treated is supersaturated in CaCO3. However, in another advantageous embodiment, the reactor of step b) is seeded with crystals of the calcium carbonate aragonite polymorph. This makes it possible to start the precipitation with the correct calcium carbonate polymorph during the start of the method. Once the precipitation has started, that is, the start-up has taken place, it is no longer necessary to add crystals from the
    aragonite polymorph, since precipitation is self-maintained by means of the supersaturated effluent in CaCO3, at the pH used (between 8 and 9.2, in particular between 8.4 and 9) and due to the disappearance of the aqueous medium of the precipitation inhibitor products that prevented the precipitation of inorganic salts.
     5
    Under the method according to the present invention, an aqueous liquid effluent containing very few suspended solids and having a content of precipitation inhibitor products that is so low that it can no longer act as a precipitation inhibitor product is recovered in the stage c); advantageously, at least 90% by weight of the precipitation inhibitor products have been removed from this effluent. The pH of this effluent is generally between 8 and 9.2, in particular between 8.4 and 9. This effluent may also contain carbonate and calcium ions, but at lower contents than supersaturation with CaCO3.

    Since the precipitation of the correct calcium carbonate polymorph (the aragonite polymorph) 15 is more efficient at a pH between 8 and 9.2, in particular between 8.4 and 9, the method according to the present invention may comprise between the steps a) and b) or between stages iii) and b) a stage α) for adjusting the pH of the effluent obtained in stage a) or stage iii) at a pH between 8 and 9.2, in particular between 8, 4 and 9, advantageously using a base such as sodium hydroxide or an acid such as HCl, in particular sodium hydroxide. Specifically, the pH of the effluent obtained in stage iii) or the effluent of stage a) is generally between 5 and 10.

    In a particular embodiment, the method according to the present invention comprises an additional solid / liquid separation stage d) applied on the aqueous liquid supernatant 25 obtained in step c), advantageously by filtration on a ceramic or organic membrane, to recover the effluent aqueous liquid This step in fact makes it possible to recover an aqueous liquid effluent released from any trace of suspended solids (SS) that may still possibly be present in the effluent obtained in step c) of the method according to the present invention. 30

    The aqueous liquid effluent obtained in stage c) or optionally stage d) can be recirculated, that is, added to the initial effluent that enters the membrane treatment method of stage ii), which makes it possible to improve the total conversion rate of this method of membrane treatment. The conversion speed corresponds to 35
    permeate flow produced by the membrane treatment method of stage ii) versus the effluent flow entering the membrane treatment method (stage i): thus 100 x (Qpermeate / Qalimentation).

    Thus, the method according to the present invention may comprise an additional stage e) for injection of the liquid effluent obtained in stage c) or of a portion or all of the effluent obtained in stage d) in the effluent of stage i) .

    By means of this recirculation and if the membrane treatment method of stage ii) is nanofiltration (NF) or reverse osmosis (OI), the conversion rate of the method containing steps i), ii), iii), b), c) and e) and optionally d) and / or α) is greater than or equal to 95%.

    In addition, a fraction of the concentrate obtained during the solid-liquid separation of stage d) can be transported in the reactor of stage b) or in an intermediate tank in order to guarantee a purge rate of the solid separation membrane / liquid when it is a membrane unit that is used.

    The advantage of the method according to the present invention is that it is not necessary to add any flocculating agent or any coagulating agent to promote precipitation during step b) of the method according to the present invention, and in particular to obtain such a conversion rate.

    Thus, advantageously, the method according to the present invention is characterized in that no coagulating agent or flocculating agent is used. 25

    To further improve the conversion rate, it is possible to recover water, which can optionally be recirculated from the sludge extracted from the reactor of step b). These sludges contain crystals of precipitated calcium carbonate and precipitation inhibitor products, and also all other inorganic salts that have precipitated at the same time as calcium carbonate in the reactor, for example calcium sulfate (Ca (SO4) 2 2H2O ), fluoride ions, PO4-, Sr, Si and metals. They also contain interstitial water that would be advantageous to recover.

    Thus, in a particularly advantageous embodiment, the method according to the present invention.
    it comprises an additional step f) for obtaining interstitial water by a liquid-solid separation method, advantageously by dehydration, for example by simple drainage, of mud containing the crystals extracted from the reactor of step b), advantageously all or part of the water Interstitial obtained in stage f) which is recirculated in a stage g) by injection into the effluent of stage e) or stage i), the possible interstitial water not being recirculated purged in a stage h).

    Advantageously, the effluent totally or partially purged in step h) allows to control the conversion rate of the method. Specifically, depending on the amount of effluent purged, the remainder being recirculated in step g), the conversion rate of the method can be increased or decreased. This conversion rate can even be up to 100% if all interstitial water is recycled (effluent from stage f)).

    In another more particular embodiment, the method according to the present invention comprises an additional step of adjusting the pH in i) or e) or upstream of ii) to a pH <7.5, advantageously reducing the pH using, for example, acid such as H2SO4 or HCl, from the effluent from stage a) and / or from the effluent from stage i) and / or from the effluent from stage d) and / or from the effluent from stage e). This pH adjustment thus makes it possible to lower below a threshold at which the risks of obstruction with CaCO3 on the membranes used in the method of membrane treatment are very small or even practically zero. In addition, it also makes it possible to reduce the content of precipitation inhibitor products required upstream of the concentration stage.

    In another advantageous embodiment, the method according to the invention comprises a stage d) and the stage e) consists in only injecting a portion of the effluent obtained in stage d) into the effluent of stage i), the portion of the effluent not being injected purged in a stage k).

    Advantageously, the effluent purged during step k) allows controlling the conversion rate of the method. Specifically, depending on the amount of effluent purged, the remainder being injected in step i), the conversion rate of the method can be increased or decreased.

    In another advantageous embodiment, the membrane method of step ii) of the method according to the invention is a nanofiltration method that allows desaturation in compounds.
    divalent and not in monovalent compounds (such as NaCl), the permeate of the nanofiltration method of stage ii) being treated in a stage iiii) by a method of concentration by reverse osmosis or evaporation, preferably by reverse osmosis, with the that it is possible to achieve a conversion rate of the method of at least 95%. 5

    Advantageously, the concentrate of step iiii) allows controlling the conversion rate of the method. Specifically, depending on the amount of concentrate, the conversion rate of the method can be increased or decreased.
     10
    In a particular embodiment, the method according to the present invention is a continuous method. In fact, the fact that the method according to the present invention is continuous will allow a better control of the type of polymorphic calcium carbonate that precipitates in the reactor of step b), since this will allow the growth of the aragonite polymorph crystals and Therefore its precipitation. fifteen

    Description of the figures

    The invention will be more clearly understood in view of the description of the figures and the examples that follow. twenty

    Figure 1 represents the scheme of a device for performing the method according to the present invention in which steps i), ii), iii), α), a), b), c), d) and e) are represented.

    Figure 2 represents a 2nd scheme of a device for performing the method according to the present invention in which steps i), ii), iii), α), a), b), c), d) and e are represented. ).

    Figure 3 represents the scheme of a 3rd device for performing the method according to the present invention in which stages i), ii), iii), α), a), b), c), d), and ), f), k) and h). 30

    Figure 4 represents the scheme of a 4th device for performing the method according to the present invention in which stages i), ii), iii), α), a), b), c), d), e) are represented. , f), k) and h) and the steps to adjust the pH p1, p2 and p3.
     35
    Figure 5 represents the scheme of a 5th device for performing the method according to the present invention in which stages i), ii), iii), iiii), α), a), b), c), d ), e), f), k), g) and h) and the steps to adjust the pH p1, p2 and p3.

    Figure 6 represents the summary of the principle of the test method of Example 2 in a nanofiltration concentrate with a high sulfate content (mine).

    Figure 7 represents the content of SO42- (in g / l) as a function of time (in minutes) in the nanofiltration concentrate with a high sulfate content of Example 2 during the implementation of the method illustrated in Figure 6 as a function of the amount of seeds 10 used.

    Figure 8 represents the summary of the principle of the test method of Example 2 in a nanofiltration concentrate with a high carbonate content.
     fifteen
    Figure 9 represents the scheme of the device for performing Comparative Example 3.

    Figure 10 represents the results for desupersaturation (with plaster seeding at 420 g / l) of the synthetic effluent containing Ca2 + and SO42- (content in g / l) in the presence of precipitation inhibitor product (anti-scale agents: mixture of ATMP and 20 HDTMPA in ppm of PO42-) in the reactor according to Comparative Example 3 as a function of the reactor's operating time.

    Figure 11 represents an image obtained with a scanning electron microscope at the scale of 10 µm of calcium carbonate particles that serve as seed according to Example 4 (Synthetic CaCO3: Figure 11A and CaCO3 experimentally formed beforehand during the tests: Figure 11B).

    Figure 12 represents the residual contents of phosphonates (PO43- in mg / l) as a function of the quantity of seeds (in g / l) and the type of seeds (CaCO3 or gypsum) and the pH over the course of the various laboratory tests of Example 4.

    Figure 13 represents the measurement of calcium ion content (in mg / l) at the reactor inlet and in the supernatant (reactor outlet), the total alkalinity (in mg / l of CaCO3 equivalents) at the reactor inlet and in the supernatant (reactor outlet) and content 35
    phosphonate (in ppm of PO43- equivalents) at the reactor inlet based on the number of days of operation of the method, no phosphonate having been injected during the first two days of operation, in the context of the implementation of the method according to the Example 5
     5
    Figure 14 represents the measurement of residual phosphonate content (in mg / l PO43-) at the reactor inlet and in the supernatant (reactor outlet) and the percentage of phosphonate removed (in%) as a function of the number of days of operation of the method, having not been injected phosphonate during the first two days of operation, in the context of the implementation of the method according to Example 5. 10

    Figure 15 represents the measurement of the particle size (in µm) by analysis by Beckmann laser granulometry to obtain the particle size distribution of the particle suspension: D10 (D10 is the size distribution diameter of the finest particles , that is, 10% by volume of the particles have a diameter 15 smaller than this diameter and 90% by volume of the particles have a diameter greater than this diameter), D50 (D50 is the median of the size distribution diameter of the particles, that is, 50% by volume of the particles have a smaller diameter than this diameter and 50% by volume of the particles have a diameter larger than this diameter) and D90 (D90 is the distribution diameter of the size of the coarsest particles 20, that is, 90% by volume of the particles have a smaller diameter than this diameter and 10% by volume of the particles ti they have a larger diameter than this diameter) depending on the number of days of operation of the method, no phosphonate having been injected during the first two days of operation, and 1.8 mg / l of phosphonate expressed as P-PO4, which is injected from here, in the context of the implementation of the method according to Example 5.

    Figure 16 depicts an image obtained with a scanning electron microscope at the 1 mm scale of calcium carbonate particles in the reactor of Example 5: Figure 16A: at the beginning; Figure 16B: after 2 days of operation; Figure 16C: after 7 days of 30 operation.

    Figure 17 represents an image obtained with a scanning electron microscope at the scale of 100 µm (Figure 17A) and 30 µm (Figure 17B) of the calcium carbonate particles precipitated in the reactor in the context of the method according to Example 6. 35

    Figure 18 depicts an image obtained with a scanning electron microscope at the 10 µm scale of the surface of the calcium carbonate particles precipitated in the reactor in the context of the method according to Example 6.
     5
    Figure 19 represents a schematic of the method (line) used in Example 7.

    Figure 20 represents the scheme of the method (line) used in Example 7 with the simulated flow data, pH, SC (solids content) and SSM.
     10
    Figure 21 represents the decrease over time of the mixture of ATMP and HDTMA (% elimination of PO43-) used as a precipitation inhibitor and HCO3 removal product in the context of the method according to Example 7.

    DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

    The discontinuous tests made it possible to demonstrate the possibility of spontaneous desaturation of the solution in the presence of a high solids content by trapping the precipitation inhibitor products in the suspended crystals.
     twenty
    Indeed, in order to increase the suspension speed of the membrane lines, in particular reverse osmosis (OI) and nanofiltration (NF), deperspersuration between two stages can be used. Upstream of the NF or OI equipment, precipitation inhibitor products are added to prevent the formation of insoluble precipitates. To precipitate salts and thus achieve the solubility of a solution, precipitation inhibitor products must be inhibited or eliminated.

    Comparative Example 1:

    Preliminary studies of this issue were carried out in a first-stage 30 nanofiltration (NF) concentrate that originates from a metallurgical site, that is, an industrial effluent obtained after a nanofiltration membrane treatment. This effluent is supersaturated with CaSO4 and contains precipitation inhibitor products consisting of a mixture of ATMP and HDTMPA with a corresponding phosphonate content of 1.5 ppm that inhibit the precipitation of supersaturation salts (CaSO4). Reagents 35
    tested have the purpose of accelerating this precipitation reaction rate inhibited by precipitation inhibitor products.

    The following table summarizes the results obtained in terms of the time required and amounts of chemical reagents to initiate the precipitation reaction of the supersaturation compounds 5 (CaSO4), that is, the induction time.

    The tests performed are laboratory tests based on the addition of said reagents in the indicated concentration in beakers containing the effluent with stirring for the indicated time. 10

     Method  Time and consumption Conclusions
     Precipitation with CaCl2 (gypsum formation) without pretreatment  - Stoichiometric conditions: several days - With 14 times stoichiometry: 2.5 h Low and requires a large amount of chemical reagents
     Precipitation by formation of etringite (addition of lime and Al2O3)  - Stoichiometric conditions: several days - With 30 times the required dose: 1 h Low and requires a large amount of chemical reagents
     Oxidation of phosphonate by potassium persulfate + CaCl2  40 min Energy consumption (heating at 120 ºC)
     Oxidation of phosphonate with ozoneation + CaCl2  No effect Not effective
     Complexation of phosphonate with ferric ions + CaCl2  1 h High risk of membrane embedding

    Example 2:

    The first tests were performed on a laboratory scale in discontinuous mode with 2 15 different NF concentrates

    - 1st stage of NF with high sulfate contents (mine)

    NF concentrate analysis
     5
     Concentration
     Total match (Ptotal)  <0.5 mg of P / l
     Orthophosphates (PO4)  <2.5 mg of P / l
     Sulfates  4530 mg of SO4 / l
     Total barium  <50 µg / l
     Calcium (Ca2 +)  680 mg / L
     Total iron  <50 µg / l
     Potassium  15 mg / l
     Magnesium  520 mg / l
     Sodium  570 mg / l
     Strontium  11 000 µg / l
     Alkalinity  0.0ºF
     Total alkalinity  43.1F
     Conductivity (20 ºC)  5.6 mS / cm
     Chlorides  55 mg / l
     pH  7.90
     Turbidity  0.6 FAU

    - An NF concentrate with high carbonate contents

    Analysis of the NF concentrate with a high carbonate content
     10
     concentration in (mg / l)
     Ca2 +  485
     Mg2 +  <10
     Alkalinity (eq. Of CaCO3 mg / l)  701
     P-PO43-  <0.05
     Total  0.287
     P  0.282

    To evaluate the change of phosphonates in the effluent, analysis of the total phosphorus is performed
    (Ptotal) and phosphates (PO4). The phosphonate content is considered to be proportional to the difference between the concentrations of total P and PO4 (P in the table).

    The principle of this method is illustrated in Figure 6.
     5
    Protocol of the NF (sulfate) concentrate method

    This method consists of trapping the precipitation inhibitor products (mixture of ATMP and HDTMPA with a corresponding phosphonate content of 1.5 ppm) on solid seeds (identical in nature to the salt inhibited by the action of the products 10 inhibitors of precipitation) and in inducing precipitation by adding CaCl2 to the stoichiometric amount concentrate. Various amounts of sludge were tested as seed.

    The results are represented in the graph in Figure 7. In this figure, the 1: 1 and 10: 1 ratios correspond to the solid seed over the amount of solid produced by the reaction.

    The balance is achieved with a ratio of 10: 1. The kinetics is fast reaching balance in 3 minutes.
     twenty
    These tests were then performed in NF concentrates with a high carbonate content. Precipitation inhibitor products are first removed by seeding with calcium carbonate particles. Then, desaturation is performed without adding reagents, spontaneously. The protocol is represented in Figure 8.
     25
    The results are collected in the following table.

     NF Concentrate Deupersaturated Concentrate
     Ca2 + (mg / l)  485 312
     Mg2 + (mg / l)  <10 <10
     Alkalinity (eq. Of CaCO3 mg / l)  701 263
     P-PO43- (mg / l)  <0.05 <0.05
     Ptotal (mg / l)  0.287 <0.05
     P (mg / l)  0.282 <0.05

    Precipitation inhibitor products were in fact removed and spontaneous deperspersuration takes place without additional reagents added.

    Comparative Example 3 5

    From here, continuous pilot tests were carried out as well. The treated effluent (nanofiltration concentrate) has the characteristics indicated in the following table:

     Parameters  Raw water (NF concentrate)
     pH  7.3
     Conductivity (mS / cm)  8
     Ca2 + (g / l)  0.8
     Mg2 + (g / l)  0.66
     SO42- (g / l)  5.9
     SiO2 (mg / l)  38
     Phosphonates (mg / l)  1.7
     Total alkalinity (ppm CaCO3)  1560
     Turbidity (UNT)  <1 UNT
     Al (µg / l)  <25
     Ba (µg / l)  <50
     Fe (µg / l)  <50
     Mn (µg / l)  <10
     Sr (µg / l)  16,000
     K (mg / l)  19
     Na (mg / l)  760
     Cl (mg / l)  82
     F (mg / l)  <1
     P (mg / l)  0.6
     10
    A synthetic concentrate was used to perform certain tests, with the main ions present as indicated in the following table.


     fifteen
     Parameters  Synthetic effluent
     Ca2 +  1 g / l
     SO42-  6 g / l
     Total alkalinity  1560 ppm of eq. of CaCO3

    The precipitation inhibitor products (AS anti-scale agent) added are ATMP (1 mg / l PO43-) or a mixture of ATMP and HDTMPA (1.8 mg / l PO43). The dose of precipitation inhibitor product is expressed in phosphate equivalent from the phosphonate analysis. During the tests, the residual precipitation inhibitor product 5 is expressed as the residual phosphonate expressed as mg / l of eq of PO43-.

    The general operating conditions of the continuous tests performed are compiled below. Depending on the parameters tested, certain conditions were vulnerable to being changed from one test to another. 10

     Flow rate: 10 l / h
     Reaction time: 30 min
    Seed
    or Plaster 15
     Target SS in the reactor:> 100 g / l
    Stirring speed: 950 rpm
     Test time: several days

    Compositions (may change depending on the test): 20

     [Total alkalinity] reactor = 1,594 ppm of eq of CaCO3
     [SO42-] reactor = 6 g / l
     [Ca2 +] reactor = 1 g / l
     25
    Precipitation inhibitor product: phosphonate (for example ATMP and HDTMPA at 1.8 mg / l eq of PO43-phosphonates)

    The pilot device diagram is illustrated in Figure 9. The precipitation unit is a continuous pilot composed of a reactor with a high solids content with a guide
    current that includes a reaction zone and a separation zone integrated in the same unit. Homogenization is performed by a mechanical stirrer. The pH is controlled with a probe in an external loop and the regulating reagents are introduced into the reactor. The control of the solids content in the reactor is carried out by an extraction pump coupled to a clock. 5

    Tests are performed in the presence of ATMP and HDTMPA in the test bed with a concentration of suspended solids (SS) of 120 g / l. During these tests, it was observed that after one day of operation, the phosphonates were no longer practically adsorbed. The calcium and sulfate residues in the overflow were similar to the 10 entry concentrations (zero decrease). As a result, no solid formed. The concentration of solid in the reactor was divided by 3, decreasing from 120 g / l to 44 g / l.

    After one day of operation, the solid in the reactor no longer makes it possible to retain the precipitation inhibitor product (anti-scale agent). It is possible to imagine that once the solid is saturated with precipitation inhibitor product (anti-scale agent), the latter inhibits precipitation, which implies a reduction in the concentration of solid in the reactor. A test performed with higher concentrations of gypsum in the reactor (up to 420 g / l) confirmed this, as illustrated in Figure 10.
     twenty
    Specifically, after 4 hours of operation (in the presence of ATMP and HDTMPA ~ 1.3 ppm of PO43-), the residual phosphonate after treatment reaches 0.2 mg / l of PO43-, which confirms the effectiveness of the reduction of phosphonate (~ 85%). In addition, the residual concentration of calcium and sulfate leaving the reactor shows that spontaneous precipitation actually occurs. 25

    However, after 24 hours, the residual phosphonate becomes equal to the input content. Since the plaster that was planted in the reactor is saturated and the production of gypsum in situ does not allow a sufficient rate of renewal with fresh plaster to continuously remove phosphonates. 30

    Example 4

    Laboratory tests made it possible to demonstrate the key role of calcium carbonate in trapping precipitation inhibitor products. 35

    The operating conditions used during the tests are the following (the conditions being adapted according to the test performed):

    - precipitation inhibitor products (anti-scale agents): ATMP + HDTMPA 5 at an equivalent PO4 content of 2 ppm
    - total alkalinity as equivalent of CaCO3 = 1594 ppm
    - Ca2 + = 1 g / l
    - reaction time: 5 min
    - initial pH = 7.8 10
    - pH regulation = NaOH addition (30%)
    - Synthetic CaCO3 = 1.5 g / l d50 = 28.7 µm (analysis with the Beckmann laser granulometer)
    - Experimental CaCO3 = 1.5 g / l d50 = 6.7 µm (analysis with the Beckmann laser granulometer) 15

    Two types of seeds were tested: commercial lime (calcite: synthetic CaCO3) and experimentally formed lime before testing (CaCO3 exp.).

    Seeding with synthetic calcium carbonate at pH 8.8 did not allow adsorption of the 20 phosphonates, while calcium carbonate originating from the (experimental) method shows that 52% of the phosphonates are adsorbed.

    The two types of calcium carbonate do not have the same distributions of size, morphology and nature (polymorphism). 25

    Synthetic calcium carbonate has a form of calcite as illustrated in Figure 11A, while experimental calcium carbonate appears to have a further form of aragonite as illustrated in Figure 11B.
     30
    It was confirmed that the increase in pH had no effect on phosphonates alone.

    The summary conclusion of the laboratory tests is compiled in the following table:

     35
     Seedless With CaCO3 seeds
     pH <8.4 8.4 <pH <8.5 pH> 8.5 pH <8.4 8.4 <pH <8.5 pH> 8.5
     CaCO3 precipitation only  No Yes Yes Yes but incomplete Yes Yes
     Phosphonate adsorption alone  No No No No Yes (only with CaCO3exp) Yes (only with CaCO3exp)
     CaCO3 precipitation and phosphonate adsorption  No No Yes No Yes Yes

    The removal of phosphonates is explained by adsorption on the CaCO3 particles (without degradation). The nature of the crystalline form of CaCO3 greatly influences the adsorption rate of phosphonates on crystals. In addition, the pH has an impact on the adsorption rate during the in situ formation of the adsorbent medium. 5

    These tests make it possible to demonstrate that the adsorption of the precipitation inhibitor products necessary for the spontaneous precipitation of the supersaturated species is possible only by maintaining the formation of a polymorphic form of CaCO3 that will depend on the pH of the reaction. 10

    The adsorption rate of gypsum and lime during the various laboratory tests are compared in Figure 12.

    Example 5 15

    Following laboratory tests concerning the adsorption of phosphonates of Example 4, continuous pilot tests were carried out at a pH of 8.5 to observe the removal of phosphonates and the precipitation of calcium carbonate.
     twenty
    The diagram of the pilot device is the same as that previously presented in Comparative Example 3 and illustrated in Figure 9 and the operation procedure is the same as in Comparative Example 3. The operating conditions are as follows:

    - precipitation inhibitor product (anti-scale agent): ATMP + HDTMPA at an equivalent PO4 content of 1.8 ppm
    - total alkalinity: equivalent of CaCO3 = 1594 ppm
    - Ca2 + = 1 g / l calcium concentration is adjusted by adding CaCl2
    - reaction time: 30 min 5
    - Regulated pH = 8.5 (adding 3% NaOH solution)
    - total flow: 10 l / h
    - maintenance of a solids content of CaCO3 in the reactor at 20 g / l
    - CaCO3 seeds = 20 g / l
    - stirring speed: between 750 rpm and 950 rpm 10

    During the first two days of intervention, the precipitation inhibitor product was not injected to study the precipitation behavior of calcium carbonate at a pH close to 8.5.
     fifteen
    Under these working conditions, as can be seen in Figure 13, approximately 60% Ca2 + and 90% alkalinity are eliminated. The precipitation reaction generates 1.7 g / l of CaCO3. The results are collected in the following table:

     Parameters  Input concentration Output concentration
     [Ca2 +] (g / l)  1.35 0.682
     [Ca2 +] (mol / l)  0.034 0.0171
     [HCO3-] (g / l)  0.949 0.077
     [HCO3-] (mol / l)  0.0156 0.0013
     Precipitated CaCO3  - 1.7
     [CaCO3] soluble (mol / l)  0.023 0.0047
     twenty
    In the presence of the precipitation inhibitor product, spontaneous precipitation of calcium carbonate is maintained. Between 90% and 100% of precipitation inhibitor products are trapped in the reactor.

    During the test, the SS fluctuates between 2 g / l and 35 g / l in the reactor. A slight 25 scale is observed in the mud extraction pipe and also obstruction of the wall that reduces
    the concentration of solids in suspension in the reactor. Although the concentration of SS in the reactor is really high to maintain stability, phosphonate adsorption remains efficient, as can be seen in Figure 14.

    As can be seen in Figure 15, without the precipitation inhibitor product, the 5 average particle sizes (D50) were close to values between 40 μm and 160 μm.

    It is observed that D50 and D90 increase greatly after the injection of the precipitation inhibitor product, respectively from 70 μm to 250 μm and from 400 μm to 800 μm. D10 does not seem to be affected, and there is no additional production of fine particles. 10

    The precipitation inhibitor product has an effect on particle sizes and seems to greatly improve particle agglomeration (as illustrated in Figure 16).
     fifteen
    These tests at continuous flow reveal that the precipitation of calcium carbonate is capable of eliminating 90% of the phosphonates at a regulated pH between 8.4 and 8.5, allowing the de-supersaturation of CaCO3. Precipitated calcium carbonate tends to reach the reaction equilibrium between the CaCO3 seeds required for adsorption of phosphonates and precipitation of CaCO3 particles. The CaCO3 particles created with the 20 phosphonates are agglomerated.

    Example 6

    From here, the tests were performed in the presence of carbonates and sulfate (operating conditions similar to those previously described in Example 5):

    Operating conditions:

     flow rate: 10 l / h
    Reaction time: 30 min 5
    Seed: plaster (6 g / l) and CaCO3 (100 g / l)
     Target SS in the reactor:> 100 g / l
    Stirring speed: 950 rpm
     test time: several days
     10
    Compositions (may vary slightly depending on the test):

     [Total alkalinity] reactor = 1 594 mg / l of eq of CaCO3
     [SO42-] reactor = 6 g / l
     [Ca2 +] reactor = 1 g / l 15

    Precipitation inhibitor product (anti-scale agent): phosphonate (ATMP and HDTMPA at 1.8 mg / l eq of PO43-phosphonates).

    In the same way as during the previous tests, more than 90% of the 20 phosphonates are removed and 88% of the alkalinity is eliminated, this being achieved after more than 10 days of operation. The following table collects some results.


     25


     Parameters  Input concentration Output concentration
     [Ca2 +] (g / l)  1,082 0.636
     [Ca2 +] (mol / l)  0.027 0.016
     [HCO3-] (g / l)  2,115 0.217
     [HCO3-] (mol / l)  0.034 0.0035
     [SO42-] (g / l)  6,420 5,718
     [SO42-] (mol / l)  0.067 0.0595
     CaCO3 precipitate (g / l)  - 0.35
     Plaster precipitate (g / l)  - 1.29
     [CaCO3] soluble (mol / l)  0.030 0.007
     [CaSO4, 2H2O] soluble (mol / l)  0.043 0.031

    The very satisfactory yield in terms of phosphonate removal during all tests confirms that the amount of CaCO3 produced by the reaction makes it possible to provide a sufficient amount of seeds to maintain the elimination of precipitation inhibitor products. 5

    The SEM analyzes depicted in Figures 17A and 17B show that the morphology of the precipitated particles is in the form of spherical particles. In addition, an FX analysis makes it possible to demonstrate the CaCO3 lime. A more detailed SEM analysis suggests that aragonite is indeed present. Specifically, an increase on the surface of the 10 particles formed (Figure 18) reveals that they are composed of needle agglomerates that are characteristic of the aragonite shape.

    Example 7: Continuous pilot tests of lines with high conversion speed
     fifteen
    Tests were carried out to validate in continuous pilot operation the line with a high conversion speed based on the following modeling:

    The scheme of the tested line is represented in Figure 19.
     twenty
    Before the tests, a digital simulation was performed using calculation models, the scheme of which is presented in Figure 20. The modeling of the line based on a real effluent (a mine drainage water) gives the results that are collected in the following table:

     Parameter  Feeding Access water Input Reverse osmosis Input De-supersaturation reactor MF / UF input Treated water (RO permeate)
     Flow  m3 / h 446.85 564.62 141.15 138.55 423.46
     Average temperature  C 13.00 13.00 13.00 13.00 13.00
     Pressure  bar 3.50 0.00 28.60 0.00 1.00
     SC  mg / l 3374.43 13181.60 52580.71 50447.02 67.08
     COT  mg / l 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
     SSM  mg / l 2.00 3.67 14.67 10.00 0.00
     pH  - 7.35 6.80 8.03 8.45 5.22
     Conductivity  uS / cm 2949.11 8844.18 27924.26 27398.48 112.88
     CO2  mg / l 38.20 82.30 18.68 0.16 48.06
     Silica  mg / l 12.90 60.67 241.89 241.89 0.26
     Boron  mg / l 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
     O2 dissolved  mg / l 10.29 9.76 9.76 7.73 9.76
     Calcium  mg / l 340.00 309.51 1234.92 193.81 1.04
     Magnesium  mg / l 230.00 1084.89 4328.32 4328.32 3.75
     Sodium  mg / l 301.00 2127.15 8490.37 9054.82 13.73
     Potassium  mg / l 7.30 33.23 131.58 131.58 0.45
     NH4 (+)  mg / l 0.14 0.31 0.92 0.90 0.10
     NH3  mg / l 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.00
     Baking soda  mg / l 547.22 368.34 1469.93 31.97 4.25
     Carbonates  mg / l 0.87 0.24 24.24 1.36 0.00
     Chlorides  mg / l 26.58 122.74 487.50 487.50 1.15
     Sulfates  mg / l 1900.00 9064.66 36133.26 35959.55 41.80
     Nitrates  mg / l 1.00 2.80 9.63 9.63 0.53
     Total sulphites  mg / l 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
     Fluoride  mg / l 0.50 0.77 3.07 1.82 0.01
     PO4 (---)  mg / l 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
     HPO4 (-)  mg / l 0.07 0.04 0.31 0.00 0.00
     H2PO4 (-)  mg / l 0.03 0.04 0.01 0.00 0.00
     Total sulphides  mg / l 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
     Barium  mg / l 0.02 0.02 0.07 0.00 0.00
     Strontium  mg / l 6.60 5.24 20.92 0.09 0.02
     Faith dissolved  mg / l 0.10 0.47 1.88 1.88 0.00
     Total faith  mg / l 0.66 0.92 3.66 1.88 0.00
     Mn dissolved  mg / l 0.05 0.24 0.94 0.94 0.00
     Total mn  mg / l 0.21 0.36 1.45 0.94 0.00

    The results obtained in these continuous tests for several days are compiled in the following table:
     5




     Reverse osmosis Deupersaturation unit
     Parameter  OI feed OI concentrate Treated water (O permeate) Reactor feed MF / UF feed
     SC  mg / l 14472.00 42860.00 173.00
     SSM  mg / l 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 300.00
     pH  - 8.68 8.51 8.51 8.60 8.45
     Conductivity  uS / cm 16410.00 48600.00 196.00 45169.00 44792.00
     Calcium  mg / l 300.00 1022.00 3.00 1140.00 750.00
     Baking soda  mg / l 400.00 1470.00 16.50 1160.00 630.00
     Sulfates  mg / l 8840.00 31900.00 <40 30000.00 28700.00
     P-PO4 (HEDP and DTPMPA)  mg / l 1.37 5.60 0.05 5.53 0.38
     P-PO4 (ATMP and HDTMPA)  mg / l 6.82 0.80

    Thus, a good quality of the permeate is obtained and, during the de-supersaturation stage, the elimination of the precipitation inhibitor products (anti-scale agents) is obtained, demonstrated by the reduction in P-PO4. In addition, some of the carbonates, calcium and sulfates precipitate in the reactor. 5

    In the supernatant, these dissolved salts thus proceed from deupersaturation to a content that does not lead to precipitation. This is confirmed by the behavior of the ceramic membrane that shows no obstruction.
     10
    The behavior of a mixture of HEDP and DTPMPA was followed throughout the entire line. That of the mixture of ATMP and HDTMPA alone during the de-supersaturation stage since it was confirmed that when the latter is effective, the rest of the line is validated.

    Each stage of the method was specifically monitored. fifteen

    1. Description of the reverse osmosis membrane unit:

    The membrane used for these tests is a reverse osmosis membrane, type BW30-400 (DOW®). A simulation was carried out and then the monitoring of the 20 experimental tests was carried out with a goal at a possible clogging potential of the polymerization layer.

    Results obtained in the reverse osmosis membrane unit:
     25
    o The dosage of precipitation inhibitor products was effective for all
    test products (HEDP + DTPMPA and ATMP + HDTMPA): no obstruction to these dosages was observed in the polymerization layer of the membrane with recirculation of the depersaturated effluent.
    or the permeate quality obtained experimentally is according to the modeling
    or the operating conditions were validated (rejection speed, feed pressure, permeate currents; etc.).

    2. Description of the concentrate de-supersaturation unit (SAPHIRA reactor)

    The operating conditions are as follows: 10

     Planting the reactor with a mixture of CaCO3 in the form of the aragonite polymorph + CaSO4 · 2H2O (150 g / l)
     residence time = 30 min (10-11 l / h)
     pH regulation with sodium hydroxide at between 8.5 and 9.0 15
     concentrate composition: Ca2 +: 1.2 g / l; total alkalinity (TAC): 1 g / l of eq of CaCO3; SO42-: 30 g / l - 35 g / l.
     Solids content in the reactor: maintained between 100 and 250 g / l

    Experimental line: 20

     2 precipitation inhibitor products tested / concentrations:
    or a mixture of ATMP and HDTMPA with an equivalent P-PO4 content of 7.4 mg / l
    or a mixture of HEDP and DTPMPA evaluated at equivalent contents of 25 P-PO4 of 4.6 and then 5.7 ppm

    The results obtained in terms of decrease in precipitation inhibitor products are compiled in Figure 21 for the mixture of ATMP and HDTMPA.
     30
    It is observed that approximately 90% of the precipitation inhibitor products are continuously removed. In addition, the lime precipitation rate is approximately 50%: 90% of the precipitation inhibitor products removed with CaCO3 at a pH of between 8, 4 and 9.
     35
    The entrapment rate of precipitation inhibitor products depends on the type of CaCO3 polymorphism (aragonite particles have a better adsorption rate). Specifically, the rate of reduction is no longer as stable when calcite is present. The average reductions obtained during the tests are compiled in the following table: 5

     Deupersaturation Unit
     Parameter  Reactor feed MF / UF feed
     SC  mg / l
     H.H  mg / l 0.00 300.00
     pH  - 8.60 8.45
     Conductivity  uS / cm 45,169.00 44,792.00
     Calcium  mg / l 1,140.00 750.00
     Baking soda  mg / l 1,160.00 630.00
     Sulfates  mg / l 30,000.00 28,700.00
     Phase 1: P-PO4 (HEDP and DTPMPA)  mg / l 5.53 0.38
     Phase 2: P-PO4 (ATMP and HDTMPA)  mg / l 6.82 0.80

    3. Description of the microfiltration / ultrafiltration (UF) membrane unit:

    Characteristics of the UF modules tested: 10

     material: ceramic membrane

    The operating conditions and experimental lines:
     fifteen
     Feeding: SAPHIRA reactor overflow (suspended solids target (SS) ~ 50 mg / l)
    Concentration factor = 20

    Results obtained in the microfiltration / ultrafiltration membrane unit (UF): 20

     hydraulic performance qualities are satisfactory
     Permeate quality is according to the simulation (no solid in the suspension
    after filtration)

    These tests allowed us to validate the operation of this line with a conversion rate of 95%.
     5




     10




     fifteen




     twenty




     25




     30




      35
    权利要求:
    Claims (22)
    [1]

    1. A method of treating an aqueous liquid effluent containing calcium and carbonate ions and containing precipitation inhibitor products, said method comprising the following successive steps:
    a) provide an aqueous liquid effluent supersaturated with CaCO3 and containing precipitation inhibitor products;
    b) transfer the effluent obtained in step a) to a reactor with a high content of 10 solids with a solids content maintained between 20 and 800 g / l and integrated solid-liquid separation, at a pH between 8 and 9.2 allowing in a single stage the precipitation in situ of the calcium carbonate aragonite polymorph and the elimination of precipitation inhibitor products;
     fifteen
    c) recovering an aqueous liquid supernatant containing a suspended solids content of less than or equal to 0.1% by mass of the solids content in the reactor, advantageously a suspended solids content of less than 50 mg / l, the products being Phosphonate precipitation inhibitors.
     twenty
    [2]
    2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that step a) comprises the following successive stages:
    i) provide an aqueous liquid effluent containing calcium and carbonate ions and precipitation inhibitor products; 25
    ii) concentrate the effluent obtained in step i) in calcium and carbonate ions until supersaturation of CaCO3 by membrane treatment method;
    iii) recover the supersaturated aqueous liquid effluent of CaCO3 containing the 30 precipitation inhibitor products.

    [3]
    3. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that the membrane method of step ii) is a direct osmosis, reverse osmosis, electrodialysis or nanofiltration method, advantageously a reverse osmosis or nanofiltration method, and why
    Effluent recovered in stage iii) is the concentrate of the membrane treatment method.

    [4]
    4. The method according to any of claims 2 or 3, characterized in that the aqueous liquid effluent from step i) is derived from industrial, municipal and / or underground water, 5 in particular this is wastewater or industrial water, in which precipitation inhibitor products were added.

    [5]
    5. The method according to any of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the aqueous liquid effluent of step a) further comprises chloride, boron, magnesium, sulfate, barium, silicon, fluoride, strontium, cesium and / or phosphate ions. , and / or metals.

    [6]
    6. The method according to any of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that it comprises between steps a) and b) or between stages iii) and b), a step α) for adjusting the pH of the effluent obtained in step a) or in step iii) at a pH between 8 and 9.2, 15 advantageously by means of a base.

    [7]
    7. The method according to any of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the phosphonates are chosen from sodium hexametaphosphonate (SHMP), 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-disphosphonic acid (HEDP), 2-phosphonobutane-1,2 acid, 4-tricarboxylic acid (PBTC), aminotrimethylene phosphonic acid (ATMP), hexamethylenediaminetetramethylene phosphonic acid (HDTMPA), DTPMPA (diethylenetriaminepentamethylenephosphonic acid), BHMTPMPA (bis (hexamethylenetriaminephonic acid) and methylene mixtures thereof.

    [8]
    8. The method according to any of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that the solids content in the reactor of step b) is maintained between 25 and 200 g / l.

    [9]
    9. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the hydraulic residence time in the reactor of stage b) comprises between 3 min and 2 hours. 30

    [10]
    10. The method according to any of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the reactor of step b) is seeded with crystals of the calcium carbonate aragonite polymorph.
     35
    [11]
    11. The method according to any of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that it comprises an additional solid / liquid separation stage d) applied in the aqueous liquid supernatant obtained in step c), advantageously by filtration in a ceramic or organic membrane for recover a liquid effluent.
     5
    [12]
    12. The method according to any of claims 2 to 11, characterized in that it comprises an additional stage e) for injection of the effluent obtained in stage c) or of a portion or all of the effluent obtained in stage d) in the effluent from stage i).

    [13]
    13. The method according to claim 12, wherein the membrane treatment method of step ii) is nanofiltration or reverse osmosis and the conversion rate of the method comprising steps i), ii), iii), b ), c) and e) and optional α) and d) stages is greater than or equal to 95%.

    [14]
    14. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 13, characterized in that no coagulating agent or flocculating agent is used.

    [15]
    15. The method according to any of claims 1 to 14, characterized in that it comprises an additional step f) for obtaining interstitial water by a liquid-solid separation method, advantageously by dehydration, of sludge containing the 20 crystals extracted from the reactor of stage b), advantageously all or part of the interstitial water obtained in stage f) recirculated in a stage g) by injection into the effluent of stage e) or stage i), the possible non-recirculated interstitial water being purged in a stage h).
     25
    [16]
    16. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 15, characterized in that it comprises an additional step for adjusting the pH to a pH <7.5, advantageously reducing the pH, of the effluent of step a) and / or of the effluent of stage i) and / or the effluent of stage e).
     30
    [17]
    17. The method according to any of claims 15 or 16, characterized in that the effluent from step h) allows the method conversion rate to be controlled.

    [18]
    18. The method according to any of claims 12 to 17, characterized in that it comprises a stage d) and that stage e) consists in only injecting a portion of the
    effluent obtained in stage d) in the effluent of stage i), the portion of the injected effluent being purged in a stage k).

    [19]
    19. The method according to claim 18, characterized in that the effluent purged during step k) allows controlling the conversion rate of the method. 5

    [20]
    20. The method according to any of claims 2 to 18, characterized in that the membrane method of step ii) is a nanofiltration method that allows desaturation in divalent compounds and not in monovalent compounds, the permeate of the nanofiltration method being of step ii) treated in a stage iiii) by a method of concentration by reverse osmosis or evaporation concentration, preferably by reverse osmosis, with which it is possible to achieve a conversion rate of the method of at least 95%.

    [21]
    21. The method according to claim 20, characterized in that the concentrate of step iiii) allows to control the conversion rate of the method.

    [22]
    22. The method according to any of claims 1 to 20, characterized in that it is a continuous method.
     twenty


     25


     30


     35
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    同族专利:
    公开号 | 公开日
    FR3025792A1|2016-03-18|
    KR20170093783A|2017-08-16|
    BR112017005306B1|2022-01-04|
    SE541455C2|2019-10-08|
    AU2015317017B2|2019-12-19|
    US20190023595A1|2019-01-24|
    CA2960697A1|2016-03-24|
    AP2017009802A0|2017-03-31|
    ES2642464R1|2017-12-19|
    ES2642464B1|2018-09-17|
    MX2017003437A|2017-12-04|
    CN107001087A|2017-08-01|
    FR3025792B1|2016-11-25|
    SE1750319A1|2017-03-17|
    AU2015317017A1|2017-03-23|
    BR112017005306A2|2017-12-19|
    WO2016041887A1|2016-03-24|
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